Mental Health Blog Posts
Some strong painkillers can be potentially harmful and addictive, especially when they are misused. You might be aware of what has been termed an ‘epidemic’ of fentanyl abuse in the US, with the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) reporting that fentanyl has been the main driver of drug overdose deaths in the country, with a more than 7.5-fold increase in just seven years
The UK government, meanwhile, warns that opioid medicines including codeine and co-codamol, tramadol, fentanyl and morphine all pose a serious risk of addiction, especially with long-term use
But what about other types of painkillers? Is ibuprofen addictive and can it be potentially harmful?
What is Ibuprofen and How Does It Work?
Ibuprofen is a commonly used over-the-counter painkiller and, along with paracetamol, a staple of most medicine cabinets in the UK. It is classed as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and is used as an everyday painkiller for a range of complaints including back pain, period pain, toothache and symptoms of colds, flu or coronavirus (COVID-19). The anti-inflammatory properties also make ibuprofen useful for treating sprains, strains, swellings and pain from arthritis
Ibuprofen can come in several different forms including pills, tablets or a liquid you swallow, as well as a gel, mousse or spray that you rub into your skin. It can also sometimes be delivered intravenously – although generally only at a hospital and under direct medical supervision. It can also be found as an ingredient in some cold and flu remedies, or combined with other painkillers. Brand names include Nurofen, Brufen, Calprofen, Fenbid, Ibugel and Ibuleve.
In technical terms, ibuprofen works by blocking the effect of chemicals called COX (cyclo-oxygenase) enzymes. These enzymes help make hormone-like chemicals known as prostaglandins, which are produced at sites of injury or damage in the body and cause pain and swelling. By blocking the COX enzymes, ibuprofen can reduce the production of prostaglandins, which also reduces pain and swelling.
Can Ibuprofen Be Addictive?
So can you get addicted to ibuprofen? The answer to that may depend on your definition of addiction.
The manufacturers of Advil, a US brand of ibuprofen, point out that the drug is not an opioid and say: “[It] is not habit forming, and it does not demonstrate addictive properties. Studies show that ibuprofen primarily works in the body (peripherally active), and not in the brain (not centrally active).”
It may also be the case that the body does not generally build up a tolerance to ibuprofen, so a regular user will not need larger doses for the same effect. Also, there are usually no withdrawal symptoms when a person stops using it.
However, many common definitions of addiction also involves psychological as well as physical symptoms. The American Society of Addiction Medicine, for example, says that addiction is “a treatable, chronic medical disease involving complex interactions among brain circuits, genetics, the environment, and an individual’s life experiences”. Crucially, it adds: “People with addiction use substances or engage in behaviors that become compulsive and often continue despite harmful consequences.”
This second part means that compulsive behaviours such as gambling and overeating can also be seen as types of addiction. If a person becomes used to taking ibuprofen, they may develop a psychological dependence on the drug. They may continue to use it for longer than they should, take it in larger doses or to continue to take it even if the original pain or inflammation has been resolved.
One study described a HIV patient’s “moderate substance use disorder” based on her use of prescribed ibuprofen. While acknowledging that this was a rare case, the case report found that the patient met four of 11 symptoms for a substance use disorder as set out in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
These were:
- Developing a tolerance to ibuprofen
- Using more ibuprofen than was prescribed or intended
- Tried but failed to stop using ibuprofen
- Strong desire to take ibuprofen
Interestingly, in this case the patient did report developing a tolerance, suggesting that this may be the case for some users.
The Risks of Overuse and Long-Term Ibuprofen Use
Over-the-counter painkillers addiction may be rare but ibuprofen misuse and overuse can still be potentially harmful.
As with all medicines, ibuprofen can cause a number of potential side effects. Relatively common side effects of ibuprofen include:
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Constipation
- Diarrhoea
- Indigestion
- Abdominal pain
Less common side effects include:
- Headache or dizziness
- Bloating
- Raised blood pressure
- Inflammation of the stomach (gastritis)
- Stomach ulcer
- Allergic reactions
- Worsening of asthma symptoms
- Kidney failure
- Bleeding in the stomach
It is possible to overdose on ibuprofen. This can cause symptoms including nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain (pain in the upper abdomen), and tinnitus or ringing in the ears.
It’s recommended that ibuprofen use should be avoided during pregnancy.
Some research has suggested a link between long-term use of NSAIDs including ibuprofen and gastrointestinal (GI) reactions including gastrointestinal bleeding and peptic ulcer disease. Other medications may be prescribed to protect the stomach if long-term use of ibuprofen is also prescribed.
In general, it is advised not to take ibuprofen for more than 10 days for pain or more than 3 days for fever unless directed by a doctor.
How to Use Ibuprofen Safely
You should only ever use ibuprofen as directed. This means that if you buy it over the counter for use without a prescription, you should follow the guidelines provided with the medicine – either on the packet or in an accompanying leaflet. If directed to use ibuprofen by a medical professional, make sure you follow their instructions. This could pertain to dosage, length of use and how/when to take the ibuprofen.
If you are worried about your use of ibuprofen or any other drug, including stronger prescription medications, it is always best to seek professional help. While addiction to ibuprofen is rare, dependence on other types of painkiller can be much more common.
If you have any issues with medication addiction or misuse, get in touch today to find out how we can help.
1 https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates
2 https://www.gov.uk/guidance/opioid-medicines-and-the-risk-of-addiction
3 https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/ibuprofen-for-adults/about-ibuprofen-for-adults/
4 https://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA166121942
5 https://www.advil.com/faqs-en/advil-pain/
6 https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/161071
7 https://www.asam.org/quality-care/definition-of-addiction
8 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5370578/
10 https://bnf.nice.org.uk/drugs/ibuprofen/
11 https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8256335/
12 https://www.arthritis.org/drug-guide/nsaids/ibuprofen-over-the-counter
Understanding Stress And Its Impact On The Body
Stress is the body’s natural response to any perceived demand or threat - whether this is real or not. It might be work-related pressures, difficulties in a relationship, huge life changes, financial problems or something health related. Either way, when the brain is alerted to a stressful situation, the body goes under huge physiological and psychological changes. This includes an increase in heart rate and blood pressure and the release of cortisol and adrenaline, two stress hormones. Chronic stress is when someone experiences a constant feeling of pressure and overwhelm over a long period of time, and it can have a significant impact on health. This includes leading to anxiety, depression, cardiovascular issues and even digestive concerns. The Mental Health Foundation has even revealed that 74% of UK adults have felt so stressed at some point over the last 12 months they have felt unable to cope. This statistic alone highlights how widespread stress can be as well as the importance of addressing it effectively among all ages.How Stress Leads To Addiction
Research shows that stress can often be a precursor to addictive behaviours. This is because some individuals turn to substances or activities to self-medicate and alleviate their emotions or symptoms. This might include using drugs, alcohol, gambling or even other addictive activities like gaming and shopping to escape from everyday pressures. For example, someone in a highly stressful job may use alcohol after work to unwind and relax, leading to a dependency on alcohol to feel good. Some of the most common stress-related substance abuse and addictions include alcohol, drugs, smoking, gambling and even eating disorders. While these behaviours and substances may provide temporary relief, they will exacerbate stress in the long run and create a harmful cycle that the individual is likely to find difficult to break.The Stress Addiction Cycle
Studies show that stress can lead to addiction and addiction can increase stress levels. This results in a vicious cycle that is challenging to get to grips with. An individual may begin drinking alcohol to deal with a stressful situation, but their alcohol consumption may result in further issues at work or home, which increases their stress levels and reinforces their alcohol dependency to cope. Another example is someone who may turn to over the counter prescription painkillers to deal with chronic pain. Highly addictive, this medication could soon impact the individual’s ability to turn up for work or take care of their daily responsibilities, putting them at risk of more stress and struggling to get out of the vicious stress addiction cycle.Biological And Psychological Mechanisms
When an individual feels stressed, the chemistry in their brain is altered, especially in the reward system which makes them more prone to stress in the future. This is because the body releases a stress hormone like cortisol which affects the brain’s reward system and increases an individual’s cravings for something that will make them feel good, such as an addictive substance. Chronic stress can even result in long-term changes in the brain, meaning the individual will find it even harder to experience pleasure from everyday activities. Instead, they may gravitate towards substance use to achieve that sense of reward and satisfaction, when they are feeling stressed. Anxiety, depression and PTSD can also contribute to the stress addiction cycle. Those with mental health issues are more likely to experience stress and those with high levels of stress are more likely to suffer from mental health concerns. Again, this can drive these individuals towards addictive behaviours and substances to cope. Strategies For Managing Stress And Preventing Addiction Stress management is essential for those who are trying to prevent and recover from addiction. While these strategies will be personal to the individual, some of the most effective techniques include regular exercise, mindfulness, healthy eating and maintaining a balanced lifestyle. Studies show that mindfulness activities like deep breathing, yoga and meditation can help to reduce stress levels and aid emotional regulation. Plus, regular physical activity releases the body’s feel-good chemical, known as endorphins, which can help to balance out any stress hormones. Certain lifestyle changes like working on a healthy and regular sleep routine, taking part in uplifting hobbies and building a strong support network can help to break the stress addiction cycle too. Plus, getting help from professional counsellors and addiction specialists can provide much-needed support and advice. Not only will they be able to advise on medication, but you may be able to access specialist treatment like cognitive behavioural therapy which addresses thought patterns within stress and addiction.Seeking Help For Stress Management And Addiction Recovery
If you are worried about your own stress levels and the impact this could be having on your addiction or recovery, reaching out for support is key. Friends, family and professionals can all provide the necessary encouragement and advice and there are also plenty of resources online regarding hotline services, community groups and therapy options. What’s more, at the Rehab Directory, we can point you in the right direction and have access to a range of comprehensive treatment programs including those that take a holistic approach to recovery. One thing to remember is that recovery is possible and by taking control of your stress, you’ll be better able to manage your emotions and be one step closer to a healthier and happier life. So, what are you waiting for? Reach out today.Stress is a normal part of life, but it can impact individuals in various ways. While for some, stress can be a motivator, pushing them to overcome challenges, others can find it very overwhelming and may turn to unhealthy coping mechanisms such as substance use and addiction.
Understanding the link between stress and addiction is therefore essential for those individuals to be able to manage their triggers and get onto the path of recovery. So here we look at exactly how stress contributes to addiction and provide some proven strategies to help you manage your levels.
Understanding Stress And Its Impact On The Body
Stress is the body’s natural response to any perceived demand or threat – whether this is real or not. It might be work-related pressures, difficulties in a relationship, huge life changes, financial problems or something health related. Either way, when the brain is alerted to a stressful situation, the body goes under huge physiological and psychological changes. This includes an increase in heart rate and blood pressure and the release of cortisol and adrenaline, two stress hormones.
Chronic stress is when someone experiences a constant feeling of pressure and overwhelm over a long period of time, and it can have a significant impact on health. This includes leading to anxiety, depression, cardiovascular issues and even digestive concerns.
The Mental Health Foundation has even revealed that 74% of UK adults have felt so stressed at some point over the last 12 months they have felt unable to cope. This statistic alone highlights how widespread stress can be as well as the importance of addressing it effectively among all ages.
How Stress Leads To Addiction
Research shows that stress can often be a precursor to addictive behaviours. This is because some individuals turn to substances or activities to self-medicate and alleviate their emotions or symptoms. This might include using drugs, alcohol, gambling or even other addictive activities like gaming and shopping to escape from everyday pressures. For example, someone in a highly stressful job may use alcohol after work to unwind and relax, leading to a dependency on alcohol to feel good.
Some of the most common stress-related substance abuse and addictions include alcohol, drugs, smoking, gambling and even eating disorders. While these behaviours and substances may provide temporary relief, they will exacerbate stress in the long run and create a harmful cycle that the individual is likely to find difficult to break.
The Stress Addiction Cycle
Studies show that stress can lead to addiction and addiction can increase stress levels. This results in a vicious cycle that is challenging to get to grips with. An individual may begin drinking alcohol to deal with a stressful situation, but their alcohol consumption may result in further issues at work or home, which increases their stress levels and reinforces their alcohol dependency to cope.
Another example is someone who may turn to over the counter prescription painkillers to deal with chronic pain. Highly addictive, this medication could soon impact the individual’s ability to turn up for work or take care of their daily responsibilities, putting them at risk of more stress and struggling to get out of the vicious stress addiction cycle.
Biological And Psychological Mechanisms
When an individual feels stressed, the chemistry in their brain is altered, especially in the reward system which makes them more prone to stress in the future. This is because the body releases a stress hormone like cortisol which affects the brain’s reward system and increases an individual’s cravings for something that will make them feel good, such as an addictive substance.
Chronic stress can even result in long-term changes in the brain, meaning the individual will find it even harder to experience pleasure from everyday activities. Instead, they may gravitate towards substance use to achieve that sense of reward and satisfaction, when they are feeling stressed.
Anxiety, depression and PTSD can also contribute to the stress addiction cycle. Those with mental health issues are more likely to experience stress and those with high levels of stress are more likely to suffer from mental health concerns. Again, this can drive these individuals towards addictive behaviours and substances to cope.
Strategies For Managing Stress And Preventing Addiction
Stress management is essential for those who are trying to prevent and recover from addiction. While these strategies will be personal to the individual, some of the most effective techniques include regular exercise, mindfulness, healthy eating and maintaining a balanced lifestyle.
Studies show that mindfulness activities like deep breathing, yoga and meditation can help to reduce stress levels and aid emotional regulation. Plus, regular physical activity releases the body’s feel-good chemical, known as endorphins, which can help to balance out any stress hormones.
Certain lifestyle changes like working on a healthy and regular sleep routine, taking part in uplifting hobbies and building a strong support network can help to break the stress addiction cycle too. Plus, getting help from professional counsellors and addiction specialists can provide much-needed support and advice. Not only will they be able to advise on medication, but you may be able to access specialist treatment like cognitive behavioural therapy which addresses thought patterns within stress and addiction.
Seeking Help For Stress Management And Addiction Recovery
If you are worried about your own stress levels and the impact this could be having on your addiction or recovery, reaching out for support is key. Friends, family and professionals can all provide the necessary encouragement and advice and there are also plenty of resources online regarding hotline services, community groups and therapy options.
What’s more, at the Rehab Directory, we can point you in the right direction and have access to a range of comprehensive treatment programs including those that take a holistic approach to recovery. One thing to remember is that recovery is possible and by taking control of your stress, you’ll be better able to manage your emotions and be one step closer to a healthier and happier life. So, what are you waiting for? Reach out today.
How Does Stress Contribute To Addiction?
August 16th, 2024
by Rehab Directory
There’s plenty of evidence to support that long-term use of cocaine can cause significant symptoms physiologically, often impacting an individual’s key organs and leading to life-threatening conditions such as heart attack and stroke. As well as physiological impacts, cocaine use can develop psychological impacts to the brain and create behavioural changes in an individual’s personality. We discuss whether cocaine is a key cause of psychosis, common symptoms of psychosis and how it can be treated to prevent symptoms from worsening over time.
What is Psychosis?
Psychosis refers to a condition where an individual experiences reality differently to what is happening around them, often causing a delusional state where they can experience various symptoms such as hallucinations, or disorganised thoughts.
Psychosis is a serious condition that can alter an individuals’ brain chemistry and change their personality indefinitely as the condition worsens over time.
Can Cocaine Cause Drug-Induced Psychosis?
There have been studies that indicate that cocaine-induced psychosis is a type of mental illness that is worsened by extensive cocaine use.
According to the National Institute of Health statistics, psychosis such as hallucinations or delusions are reported by 29% to 52% of cocaine users and can be related to an imbalance of dopamine in the body.
What are the Symptoms of Cocaine Psychosis?
During cocaine-induced psychosis, individuals can experience a range of symptoms whilst in a delusional state including:
• fluctuating confusion
• sweating and blood pressure changes
• paranoia
• depression
• hallucinations
• agitated behaviour
• suspiciousness
Ways to Prevent Cocaine Psychosis Symptoms
There are a few ways in which withdrawal symptoms can be eased and prevent from worsening over time.
First and foremost, withdrawing from cocaine is the most effective method for reducing psychosis symptoms, However, to reduce the intensity of withdrawal symptoms this must be done when supervised by medical professionals, Doing this without professional assistance can be difficult and lead to relapse and continuous drug use.
If symptoms persist following withdrawal from cocaine use, it is suggested that medication can be used to help reduce delirium such as haloperidol, a dopamine blocker.
Does Cocaine Make You Paranoid?
There’s plenty of evidence to support that long-term use of cocaine can cause significant symptoms physiologically, often impacting an individual’s…
February 28th, 2024
by Rehab Directory
Stress Statistics
According to the Mental Health Foundation, 74% of adult in the United Kingdom have experienced stress level so high they feel overwhelmed and unable to cope. With the main proportion being women and people aged between 18-24 years old. As a result of increased stress, 32% of adults in the United Kingdom have said to experience suicidal feelings and 16% have resorted to forms of self-harm to try and alleviate these feelings of stress. This is not a healthy coping strategy for stress; or any other mental health issue. So we have compiled some healthy tips and coping strategies to help you relieve your feelings of stress.How to cope with stress?
There are a number of coping strategies for stress but here are a selection of techniques to try. It is important to remember that these ideas may not remove all of your stress, but over time you will begin to see the benefits of the following activities and techniques. Physical Activity Fitness has been scientifically proven to reduce negative emotions. There are a number of ways exercise can alleviate stress, both physically and psychologically. Physical exercise boosts your body's capability to use oxygen, in turn improving blood flow, which can have a significantly positive effect on your overall mood. The repetitive action of exercise can also be a positive distraction as you are more focused on your body, rather than your mind. This singular focus can cultivate energy which in turn can improve optimism. Increased physical activity can also improve your heart health, which again can help with your overall stress levels. Build A Strong Support Network Although this can be difficult given the current stay at home orders, connecting with people can be really beneficial for stress levels. Spending time with people we love can be a great distraction and there is a great truth in the phrase 'a problem shared is a problem halved'. Sharing how you are feeling with people you trust can lower stress levels immediately, even if they don't have a solution to the issues you are experiencing. It is important to not rely on social media to build these relationships though, as it is really easy to become overly reliant on texting. But video-chat apps can be really good to connect with people as it is a normal conversation and can be done during the current lockdown orders. Start A New Hobby It can be very easy whilst we are stuck at home to just binge-watch television or turn to bad habits like substance or behavioural addictions. Learning a new skill or hobby can reduce stress by increasing self-confidence and self-esteem. Hobbies can also create a sense of purpose and help to connect with others that share the same passion. But it is important to remember not to take a new hobby or skill too seriously and expect to be perfect at it straight away. You also shouldn't feel the need to take an organised class or exam. Enjoy learning something new and as soon as you stop enjoying it, find something else. Practise Mindfulness Mindfulness and self-care can be very beneficial to reducing stress, as scientists have learnt that mindfulness practices influence the stress pathways in our brains, helping to regulate the parts of the brain that deal with attention and emotions. Mindfulness, similarly to physical activity, draws your attention away from your negative thoughts and on to one main focus, again leading to a reduction in stress levels.Professional Help For Stress
If you have tried the above methods for reducing stress and you are still struggling with high-stress levels, reach out for professional support. We have a number of clinics listed on this site that can assist with mental health issues, including chronic stress. Especially if you are turning to unhealthy coping mechanisms such as drugs or alcohol, it is important you participate in either inpatient rehabilitation or outpatient support if drug or alcohol use is becoming uncontrollable. Remember you are not alone and there are dedicated facilities and highly trained staff that can assist you in any way you need. Source https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/news/stressed-nation-74-uk-overwhelmed-or-unable-cope-some-point-past-year https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-disease/exercise-stress-relief https://journals.lww.com/psychosomaticmedicine/Abstract/2019/04000/Mindfulness_Training_and_Physical_Health_.2.aspxAlthough Stress Awareness Month is well established and has been held every April since 1992, now more than ever stress levels are higher than ever in the United Kingdom, given the current climate regarding Covid-19 and subsequent lockdowns.
Stress Statistics
According to the Mental Health Foundation, 74% of adult in the United Kingdom have experienced stress level so high they feel overwhelmed and unable to cope. With the main proportion being women and people aged between 18-24 years old.
As a result of increased stress, 32% of adults in the United Kingdom have said to experience suicidal feelings and 16% have resorted to forms of self-harm to try and alleviate these feelings of stress.
This is not a healthy coping strategy for stress; or any other mental health issue. So we have compiled some healthy tips and coping strategies to help you relieve your feelings of stress.
How to cope with stress?
There are a number of coping strategies for stress but here are a selection of techniques to try. It is important to remember that these ideas may not remove all of your stress, but over time you will begin to see the benefits of the following activities and techniques.
Physical Activity
Fitness has been scientifically proven to reduce negative emotions. There are a number of ways exercise can alleviate stress, both physically and psychologically.
Physical exercise boosts your body’s capability to use oxygen, in turn improving blood flow, which can have a significantly positive effect on your overall mood.
The repetitive action of exercise can also be a positive distraction as you are more focused on your body, rather than your mind. This singular focus can cultivate energy which in turn can improve optimism. Increased physical activity can also improve your heart health, which again can help with your overall stress levels.
Build A Strong Support Network
Although this can be difficult given the current stay at home orders, connecting with people can be really beneficial for stress levels. Spending time with people we love can be a great distraction and there is a great truth in the phrase ‘a problem shared is a problem halved’. Sharing how you are feeling with people you trust can lower stress levels immediately, even if they don’t have a solution to the issues you are experiencing.
It is important to not rely on social media to build these relationships though, as it is really easy to become overly reliant on texting. But video-chat apps can be really good to connect with people as it is a normal conversation and can be done during the current lockdown orders.
Start A New Hobby
It can be very easy whilst we are stuck at home to just binge-watch television or turn to bad habits like substance or behavioural addictions.
Learning a new skill or hobby can reduce stress by increasing self-confidence and self-esteem. Hobbies can also create a sense of purpose and help to connect with others that share the same passion.
But it is important to remember not to take a new hobby or skill too seriously and expect to be perfect at it straight away. You also shouldn’t feel the need to take an organised class or exam. Enjoy learning something new and as soon as you stop enjoying it, find something else.
Practise Mindfulness
Mindfulness and self-care can be very beneficial to reducing stress, as scientists have learnt that mindfulness practices influence the stress pathways in our brains, helping to regulate the parts of the brain that deal with attention and emotions.
Mindfulness, similarly to physical activity, draws your attention away from your negative thoughts and on to one main focus, again leading to a reduction in stress levels.
Professional Help For Stress
If you have tried the above methods for reducing stress and you are still struggling with high-stress levels, reach out for professional support. We have a number of clinics listed on this site that can assist with mental health issues, including chronic stress. Especially if you are turning to unhealthy coping mechanisms such as drugs or alcohol, it is important you participate in either inpatient rehabilitation or outpatient support if drug or alcohol use is becoming uncontrollable.
Remember you are not alone and there are dedicated facilities and highly trained staff that can assist you in any way you need.
Sources:
https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/news/stressed-nation-74-uk-overwhelmed-or-unable-cope-some-point-past-year
https://www.healthline.com/health/heart-disease/exercise-stress-relief
https://journals.lww.com/psychosomaticmedicine/Abstract/2019/04000/Mindfulness_Training_and_Physical_Health_.2.aspx
Stress Awareness Month
Although Stress Awareness Month is well established and has been held every April since 1992, now more than ever stress…
April 7th, 2021
by Rehab Directory